Individual politics assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Singular governmental issues task - Essay Example Division likewise thinks about the money related necessities of each strategy (A.H.C. S.A, 2004). In her spending plan of 2014, the Australian government made certain strategies guided towards carrying new changes to the wellbeing segment. The Minister of Health referenced three approaches in the Dutton gathering. The paper investigations these approaches to recognize their qualities and shortcomings. The paper additionally recognizes the viewpoints of the cases introduced. It will likewise make some examination between the expressed plans with those of remote nations. Australia has a high level of maturing individuals (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Not at all like in the 1970 and 1971, a young age has dropped to 22% from 31% in the mid 1970s (M.H.C.C. A.C.T., and C.S S., 2007). The administration through its different divisions extends that in the coming 40 years, 25% of the Australian populace will be individuals with more than 65 years old (Australia, 2011). In the wellbeing part, the nation is confronting the issues related with mature age. The administration gets this and is wanting to offer more help for the part with the goal that it can improve its administrations to serve more individuals. At present, the general wellbeing framework is just ready to serve, on a week by week premise, 170 individuals determined to have dementia. In any case, the nation needs to plan for what's to come. The administration extends that in 2050; there would be 7,500 instances of dementia for each week (W.A.C.O.S.H, 2007). The nation along these lines needs to prepare to face such an issue later on. Along these lines, in the 2014 spending plan, the legislature distributed more cash for the extension of administrations like genomics testing in MRI and MBS screening. The contention of the legislature is substantial thinking about the genuine circumstance in Australia. There is a sociological issue. Australian populace is maturing at high rate. The wellbeing part needs to plan to confront this

Effects of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Terrorism Essay Survivors of fear based oppressor assaults constantly 1985 was at 816 individuals, in 2001 the quantity of passings rose to 3,295 in light of the assaults on the eleventh of September, 2001. 2996 individuals kicked the bucket on this day. In excess of 1,000 individuals kicked the bucket as a result of demonstrations of fear in 2003. No one anticipates that this sort of stuff should occur. However, since it does cheerful, individuals need to live in dread, and stress over â€Å"what if† this happens once more. Many individuals are even the legislature are continually asking themselves â€Å"are we prepared? †. This can happen whenever, and quickly. It is extremely unlikely to truly set yourself up since you don’t know when and what will occur straightaway. It is accepted that fear monger strike for a couple diverse explanation. There are many individuals on the planet who abhor the United States and would chance their life as a self destruction aircraft. They use murder, seizing, commandeering, and bombings to play out these assaults. â€Å"The single greatest danger to U. S. security, both present moment, medium-term and long-term,† President Barack Obama said April 11, is the likelihood that psychological militants may get an atomic weapon. The second greatest danger to world history’s mightiest military state, it's a given, are fear mongers without atomic weapons yet furnished with box-cutters, rifles or hand crafted explosives. So as to take care of the issue of psychological oppression , the base of the issue must be found. Individuals begin to apply psychological oppression to specific races, religions, and nationalities on the grounds that the reason isn't actually known. Doing as such and accusing one country, may drive them crazy and need to retaliate which will prompt fear based oppression. After the September 11, 2001 assaults, the legislature realized that things must be extraordinary. Security wherever was ventured up and there was a great deal of changes occurring. On the off chance that you flew on a plane before 9/11 and afterward flew again after, you would see the distinction. There used to be a genuinely quick security look at the air terminals. Presently, there are long stretches of security strategies that are required before you can pass security and get onto your flight. Straightforward things, for example, fingernail scissors could be appropriated on the grounds that they represent a danger. This isn’t just constrained to air terminals however. At the point when you go to an enormous occasion, for example, lets state a football match-up, you will saw a high nearness of security there as well. None of these safety efforts existed before fear mongering. It’s each of the a matter of circumstances and logical results. Fear based oppression has been around for an exceptionally lengthy timespan, yet has been on the ascent over the most recent 10 years. No one comprehends what causes a fear based oppressor assault. A few people say it has to do with race, nationality, or even religion. On the off chance that a fear monger doesn’t like the way that an administration works, that in that spot could be another explanation. Because of all the psychological militant assaults, security wherever has been increased. Fear mongering has no alerts, and can happen whenever. It imperils the life of each individual in the United States. Since there is no notice, the best thing is to simply comprehend what to do when a fear monger hits, and with all the ongoing assaults, and the security being increased, ideally we are only one bit nearer to taking care of this issue.

The Pros and Cons of Sole Proprietorship

The Pros and Cons of Sole Proprietorship One of the major considerations that entrepreneurs and businessmen make when they are planning to start a new business is its legal structure. Should it be a partnership or should they form a corporation instead? Maybe it would be better to just set it up as a sole proprietorship? There are several factors affecting this decision, including the type or nature of business and the availability of capital or resources required to set up the business and start its operations. Others are more circumspect, however, and prefer to look into the various characteristics of the legal structures and weigh their pros and cons, in order to see which structure fits their need the best. © Shutterstock.com | vgstudioIn this article, you will learn 1) what is the sole proprietorship and 2) what are the advantages and disadvantages of starting a business as a sole proprietorship.THE SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPQuite easily the most common business structure and the simplest out of all the other structures, a “sole proprietorship” is a business that is owned by only one person. Many people are confused whether the phrase applies to the business owned by one person or the one person who owns that business. It refers to both: the business and the owner since, in this type of structure, there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business.To understand the concept further, let us break down the basic features of the sole proprietorship.A sole proprietorship is owned and run by one person, where the person often runs the business under his own name.A sole proprietorship does not have a separate legal entity. This is its major difference from partnerships and corpora tions.The sole proprietor (the owner) owns all the assets of the business.The sole proprietor also bears all the risks and the benefits associated with it.We can gain a better understanding of a sole proprietorship, and be aided in our decision on whether to choose this type of structure or not, by taking into account its various pros and cons.PROS OF A SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPThe following are the advantages or benefits that you can enjoy in a sole proprietorship type of business.1. Easy setup or formationA sole proprietorship is very easy to form, which most likely explains why it is the oldest type of business structure known to man. Creation of a sole proprietorship does not involve the formal creation of a business organization. It can be a one-man operation, where the sole proprietorship has only one employee, who also happens to be the owner.Setting it up requires very little paperwork or legal formalities. This is the complete opposite of corporations or partnerships, where you h ave to prepare sets of documents and submit them to specific regulatory agencies and government bodies. The business can be formed by simply filing with the local office in your city or locality.It is not necessary to set up a separate trade name for the business. The sole proprietor can proceed to doing business under his or her own name.There are small startup costs involved. A sole proprietorship is also the least expensive to set up. While it is true that it is not entirely free to form it, the legal fees that have to be paid (such as permits and licenses) are usually minimal.This simplicity is the primary reason why individuals who are attempting to go into business for the first time choose it. Consultants and professionals often take this option when they want to go into business for themselves. They can start small, as a way to “test the waters”, before considering taking the next step and expanding their business operations. Many partnerships and corporations â€" even t he large companies we see today â€" started out small, as sole proprietorships.This also makes it possible for practically anyone to set up a business. Even if you have limited assets or resources, you can start your own sole proprietorship, since there is no minimum amount of startup capital that must be met.2. Management flexibilityThe reason why many individuals go into business is because they want to “be their own boss”. They want to be the one in control, holding the reins, and making all the decisions.The sole proprietor has complete power over the decision-making. He is the only one running the business, so all the decisions are made by him. It certainly spares him the headaches of getting the approval of a board of directors (in case of corporations) or the consent of other partners (in a partnership business). This also cuts down the time it usually takes between arriving at a decision and implementing it, since it cuts through any delays or deadlocks usually encounter ed in a bureaucratic environment.The owner has the sole discretion when it comes to costs incurred by the business. He is, after all, the one holding the purse strings of the company, so it is up to him how to allocate the costs and utilize the resources of the business. This is not something that can be done in a corporation or a partnership, since costs have to be subjected to a series of scrutiny by all the partners and stakeholders.This also means that the sole proprietor also gets to solely enjoy the profits that will be earned by the business from its operations. In a partnership, depending on the agreement among the partners as to their share in earnings, they will have to split the net income (after tax) among themselves. The sole proprietor has no one to split with, so he gets to enjoy all the profits by himself.Management flexibility results in faster pace of transactions. Response is quicker on the part of the manager in terms of decision-making because you get to do it a lone. You call all the shots, so you can move forward, instead of being held back waiting for what others have to say about a certain matter related to the business.3. Less government controlA sole proprietorship is subject to only a few regulations. This is already noticeable from the time you set up the business. A simple and quick trip to the local business office is enough to have your business registered. You will not be required by many government and regulatory agencies to submit a lot of documentation for your business, which is the case with corporations and partnerships.Corporations and partnerships are governed by specific rules and regulations that they must comply with, such as issues relating to their organizational structure and the like. Sole proprietors are not bound by these guidelines and can run their business in the manner they deem fit.4. Tax advantagesTaxation is one of the touchy subjects when it comes to business. Sole proprietorships have the benefit of bei ng subject to simpler taxation procedures; since it is not a separate entity, it is not taxable. That does not mean, however, that it is completely free from having to pay taxes.In a partnership or a corporation, the business entity will have to file its own tax return, and the owner-partners or stockholders have to file their own separate tax returns for the income that they received from the operations of the business.This is not the case in a sole proprietorship. Remember that the owner of the sole proprietorship business is not considered to be distinct from the business itself. It means they are treated as one and the same, so there is a need for only one income tax return: that of the owner or sole proprietor. Any income earned by the business is also income earned by the owner. Taxing them both, separately, would be a case of double taxation.This means that the sole proprietorship also gets the advantage of being subjected to lower tax rates, since there are separate (and hig her) rates when it comes to business taxation and corporate taxation, as compared to income taxation, which is what sole proprietors are liable for.To sum it up, there is only one tax return that will be filed, and it is not a requirement to attach a balance sheet of the business as a supporting document to the tax return.5. Least amount of recordkeepingBooks of accounts of partnerships and corporations are considerably more complicated than that of a sole proprietorship. You have to maintain separate books for the partners, the business, and for taxation purposes. There are certainly more ledgers and records to maintain. In a sole proprietorship, recordkeeping is straightforward. In fact, the owner is not even required to avail the services of a bookkeeper or an accountant since he can do it himself. Corporations and partnerships are expected to present formal financial statements, so they have a financial team to take care of the recording and recordkeeping process. Minutes of mee tings have to be taken diligently. This is not the case in smaller, sole proprietorship type of businesses.6. Easy dissolutionIt is as easy to cease all operations of a sole proprietorship as it was to set it up. Once the owner decides to stop running the business, he can easily do so. There is no need to undergo a lengthy process since the business does not have very formal registrations binding it. All it takes is to pay off all the business debts and obligations and close all accounts. Of course, you have to notify the tax authorities about the dissolution of the business for tax purposes.CONS OF A SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPNow it is time to look at the other side of the coin and take into consideration the disadvantages of choosing the sole proprietorship business structure.1. Unlimited personal liability of the sole proprietorThis is the downside of being the only one who owns the business and enjoying its profits: you are also left to shoulder all its liabilities as well as its losse s, if any. Corporations, which are considered to be separate legal entities from the incorporators and shareholders, offer liability protection (to varying extent) from the debts and actions of the business.They will only be liable up to the extent of their investment in stocks or shareholdings in the business, and their personal assets remain theirs. The same is true for partnerships, particularly LLCs, or limited liability companies.The sole proprietor does not have any protection from liability, since the debts and obligations of the business are also his debts and obligations. In the event that the business has incurred major losses and is unable to pay its debts, the creditors can go after the proprietor’s personal assets, from his car, house and other real and personal properties. Even his savings will become fair game to creditors and everyone else that the business owes. In other words, sole proprietors are at risk of losing practically everything if their business does no t succeed.The same is true when someone files a case in court against the business. In effect, this is tantamount to the owner or sole proprietor being sued. In case the business loses the case, the owner will be personally liable.2. Uncertain business lifeCorporations are deemed to have an unlimited life, with the concept of going concern holding that it is expected to continue existing for the foreseeable future, even if the original incorporators, the stockholders, and managers resign or even die. This is the same with a partnership, where the withdrawal of one partner does not automatically mean that the business ceases to exist. The remaining partners can simply come up with a revised partnership agreement, without the operations of the business being affected.Continuity of the business is an issue when it comes to sole proprietorships. It has been said that the owner and the business are a single entity; that means, therefore, that the retirement or death of the owner, and any impairment that will render him incapable of making decisions or managing the business, will automatically mean the cessation of the business and its operations. Yes, it is easy to dissolve, but this also indicates fragility in the existence and continuity of the business.3. Difficulty in raising capital or obtaining financingThis is deemed by many as one of the biggest disadvantages of a sole proprietorship. You are setting the business up with the intention of being the only one in control. Naturally, raising the capital you need is entirely up to you. This is why most sole proprietorships use their own money when starting their business. The working capital of the business will be limited to the funds of the sole proprietor, and other funds that it can obtain through loans.There is the added disadvantage of banks, lending and financing institutions that are more wary about extending loans or granting financial aids to sole proprietorships. These sources of financing often look i nto the stability of a business as a going concern (and we have already established that the life of a sole proprietorship is uncertain and fragile) and its assets which is often fewer than, say, a corporation or a partnership with more partners pooling their resources together. Banks and lenders view these as an indication of the capability of the business to meet its dues and repay its obligations. On these counts, sole proprietorships are not attractive prospects for investors and lenders.When corporations require funding for expansion or some other major project, it can issue equity in the form of shares of stocks. They are also in a better position to have lines of credit and have an easier time obtaining bank loans.4. Limited view in business managementThere is a hitch in having full control of the management of the business. You call all the shots, what you say goes, and you pretty much make the decisions on everything. There are higher chances of your objectivity being impai red because you are the only one making the decisions. In a partnership, you have partners to throw ideas around with. In a corporation, you have a team to brainstorm with.In a way, being the only one making the decisions is a heavy burden to bear. The success and the failure of the business all boils down to you, so unless you have strong grit and you feel confident that you can handle possible failure, you might want to rethink setting up a sole proprietorship.5. Less business-like in appearanceCompared to a corporation or a partnership, which are legal entities, a sole proprietorship is often viewed as one that is not as professional or like a business. This is most likely because it did not undergo the rigid procedures that corporations and partnerships did when it started out. It looks informal to the public.It is hard to say outright whether a sole proprietorship is the best business structure for you to start with. There are certain considerations to be made, and in-depth ana lysis is required. Some of these factors include the type of business you will want, the product or service you will offer, the market that you are trying to enter, and even the resources available to you for your capital.

The Influence of the Modeling Industry on Society - 799 Words

Everyone is special and unique in their own way. No one can change the way someone looks and acts. So why let the modeling industry change the way someone should look like. People can not let the modeling industry have an affect on them to where they have eating disorders and not feel confident of their own body. More people feel insecure about themselves because society expects them to look like a model. Especially teenagers are targeted in an early age that if the teens are thin and pretty then they will become successful and happy in life like the models in the magazines. If only they knew that models are not so happy as they seem. The fashion industry obsession with thinness leaves the models a high risk of developing anorexia (Hawkes).â€Å"Not everything in life is what it seems.† The media is one of the factors that affect how people see themselves (Diantgikis). One advertisement can change the whole self-esteem of one person. The promotion of the thin ideal causes people to have a bringe environment (Hawkes). Many people are dying because they want to have the â€Å"perfect† body. Small sizes are preferred better than larger ones. The size zero obsession causes women to undergo eating habits to lose weight (Hawkes). This causes an effect on the health of the person. There are so many teens and women who risk their life just to be accepted. The way theses beautiful young teens and women risk their lives is by eating disorder. 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The Road to World War II Essay - 742 Words

The road to World War II In the early days of the First World War, the United States was desperate to stay out of the European war and institute a neutrality policy. However, the two sides fought for U.S. support, often even at a danger to the U.S. The passive stand that America took in involvement in World War I only prolonged the inevitable and came at a price to the U.S. The American public didn’t want to be involved in World War I, and Wilson and the democrats knew it, although neutrality was a difficult stand to take. The British, who wanted the Americans to back their side in the war, refused to back U.S. peace drives. The Germans, who wanted the U.S. on their side, against Britain, violated pledges for the waters when it†¦show more content†¦Wilson wanted to demand an end to the war, but at this point in the war, it would have ruined the Allies. If that were to ensue, the U.S. would risk war with France or England. Then there was a breaking point. The German government deported 300,000 Belgians, which fired up anger in the Americans. Wilson was growing frustrated with the position of neutrality, but also realized what war did to people. So, he began to draw up new plans for American foreign policy. This plan called for an end to the financing of the Allied war effort by American banks, but the British were dependent on the American back up. There was a great fear that the American economy would become too involved and dependent on war trade. Because of the British need for American support and the American lack of such, the Germans found the time to ask for peace. This would begin a peace campaign that was backed by unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson advocated the peace effort. The Allies became angry with Wilson for â€Å"playing Germany’s game† and the Germans were angry because they suspected that the U.S. was pro-British. The Allies later rejected the plan for peace. 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They give you the chance to feel like the wind is pulling you through the universe. There is nothing in this world that gives you the same feeling of the elements of skin, the road beneath your feet, and the freedom to go wherever your heart desires. MotorcyclesRead MoreJeep Brand: A Synonym for Ruggedness1170 Words   |  5 Pagesis about how Jeep brand conveys the personality as well as how the brand personality positively influences the production, despite the prior studies interest in brand personality. Keywords: brand personality∙ Jeep consumers ∙ four-wheel drive ∙ off-road vehicle Introduction This report examines the brand personality of Jeep. During the main body, the report illustrates the concept of brand personality. Additionally, it identifies brand personality traits of Jeep. Likewise, several examples will

Cultural Assignment Free Essays

Organizational Communication I struggled with this assignment and I found it very difficult to determine cultural body language movements for the African American culture. However, what I found is over the years the African American culture has blended with the white American culture. There are historical facts regarding slavery and how that impacted the African American culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through art, music, and dance the African American’s found their outlet for self expression. Today a lot of black Americans hold onto their own culture through their interactions at church, which includes enthusiastic singing; this is an expression of their culture. It’s quite fascinating and uplifting attending services at an African American congregational church. African American Body language and cultural issues: They carry themselves in a way that exhibits strength. African dance moved north from the south. Families are brought together through food. Soul food – plays an important role in the African American culture and traditionally these foods are high in fat. However, over the years they have tried to remove trans- fats from their diets. African Americans observe ethnic holidays alongside traditional holidays. We now have black history month which focuses on the lives and history of African Americans. They will refer to each other as sister and brother – even though they are not related. It is used as a sign of respect. The salutation â€Å"mam† is also used in some cases as a sign of respect. Families often include extended families living under one roof. Hispanic body language and culture issues: A simple toss of something can be considered insulting. If you need to give something to someone don’t toss it – walk over and hand it to them. Stupid – is considered a huge insult. Gringo – is not an insult – just means foreigner. The hand gestures come here – means you are romantically interested in that person. Hugs and kisses – Hispanic culture is very emotional. Family ties include parent, grandparents, sisters, brothers, and children. Different holidays – Christmas is celebrated on the 24th and the Santa celebration is done on the January, 7th. They don’t celebrate Halloween or Thanksgiving. Touching – they will hold hands without thinking about it. Differences between Latin (Hispanic) culture and African American The term â€Å"Hispanic† is used in the United States to describe all people of Latino and Spanish descent. It is a broad ethic classification including individuals who originated from the Dominican Republic, Spain, Puerto Rico, and about 20 to 30 other regions. According to the federal guidelines, Hispanics are classified as white Hispanic or black Hispanic. Our federal government doesn’t recognize Hispanic as a race, only an ethnicity. If you ask a Hispanic child what is your race he/she most often will tell you Spanish, or Hispanic; he/she will very rarely say white. However, the federal guidelines do recognize African American or black as a race. The two cultures are different, yet very similar. They both have extended families who they share their living quarters with even though they are not really related. Hispanics like close quarters; they like touching, hugging, and kissing. It is not uncommon for Spanish woman to hold hands. They are considered to be a very sensual population. African Americans also believe in the extended family concept. I have the benefit of working with both Hispanic and African American individuals and I find through personal experience that Hispanic individuals are very upbeat, friendly, emotional, and very touching. They want to be physically close to the individual with whom they are speaking. In addition, the African American individuals I work with have some of the same cultural characteristics; however, they are a little more reserved. Both cultures are close to family, both treat their mothers with the highest respect, and they both gather around food. Every party no matter how small has an enormous amount of food. And, I believe individuals in both cultures to be hard working and just trying to hold on to some of their individuality and stay true to their heritage. How to cite Cultural Assignment, Papers

The Advantages Of Computer Essay Example For Students

The Advantages Of Computer Essay Why is a site inspection important?A site inspection will be performed to double-check these plans: investigate traditional problem areas, such as elevator shafts, firewalls, and potential sources of interference. Spend some time looking around the Campus or your place of work. What obstacles do you think you would face when installing a network? List 12 things that could cause a problem. Class schedulePeople (students, and facilities)You are working for a company that is using your computer skills to provide computer support to other employees. This is not an official part of your job and you are still expected to get your job done. One day a consultant shows up and starts planning a network and computer support services. Neither your supervisor or the consultant acknowledges your role or asks for your opinion. How do you think you would react? As a manager how could you avoid this potential problem?Who do you think should be involved in the planning process – managers, supervisors, staff members, senior staff, existing technical staff? Why/Why Not?Everybody should involve from the planning process, because adding a network involves changes to the ways people work, the human element is equally important. Would you recommend that the company use an outside consultant? Why/Why Not?For all but the smallest of networks, unless you’re already an experienced networker, it might be wise to consider enlisting the services of a qualified network consultant in planning and implementing your network. The only caveat is to remember that consultants can only deliver what you ask for; the more specific and detailed your requests, the better the results will be. We will write a custom essay on The Advantages Of Computer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now What

Photoelectric Effect and Einsteins 1921 Nobel Prize

Photoelectric Effect and Einsteins 1921 Nobel Prize The photoelectric effect posed a significant challenge to the study of optics in the latter portion of the 1800s. It challenged the classical wave theory of light, which was the prevailing theory of the time. It was the solution to this physics dilemma that catapulted Einstein into prominence in the physics community, ultimately earning him the 1921 Nobel Prize. What Is the Photoelectric Effect? Annalen der Physik When a light source (or, more generally, electromagnetic radiation) is incident upon a metallic surface, the surface can emit electrons. Electrons emitted in this fashion are called photoelectrons (although they are still just electrons). This is depicted in the image to the right. Setting Up the Photoelectric Effect By administering a negative voltage potential (the black box in the picture) to the collector, it takes more energy for the electrons to complete the journey and initiate the current. The point at which no electrons make it to the collector is called the stopping potential Vs, and can be used to determine the maximum kinetic energy Kmax of the electrons (which have electronic charge e) by using the following equation: Kmax eVs The Classical Wave Explanation Iwork function phiPhi Three main predictions come from this classical explanation: The intensity of the radiation should have a proportional relationship with the resulting maximum kinetic energy.The photoelectric effect should occur for any light, regardless of frequency or wavelength.There should be a delay on the order of seconds between the radiation’s contact with the metal and the initial release of photoelectrons. The Experimental Result The intensity of the light source had no effect on the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons.Below a certain frequency, the photoelectric effect does not occur at all.There is no significant delay (less than 10-9 s) between the light source activation and the emission of the first photoelectrons. As you can tell, these three results are the exact opposite of the wave theory predictions. Not only that, but they are all three completely counter-intuitive. Why would low-frequency light not trigger the photoelectric effect, since it still carries energy? How do the photoelectrons release so quickly? And, perhaps most curiously, why does adding more intensity not result in more energetic electron releases? Why does the wave theory fail so utterly in this case when it works so well in so many other situation Einstein's Wonderful Year Albert Einstein Annalen der Physik Building on Max Plancks blackbody radiation theory, Einstein proposed that radiation energy is not continuously distributed over the wavefront, but is instead localized in small bundles (later called photons). The photons energy would be associated with its frequency (ÃŽ ½), through a proportionality constant known as Plancks constant (h), or alternately, using the wavelength (ÃŽ ») and the speed of light (c): E hÃŽ ½ hc / ÃŽ » or the momentum equation: p h / ÃŽ » ÃŽ ½Ãâ€  If, however, there is excess energy, beyond φ, in the photon, the excess energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the electron: Kmax hÃŽ ½ - φ The maximum kinetic energy results when the least-tightly-bound electrons break free, but what about the most-tightly-bound ones; The ones in which there is just enough energy in the photon to knock it loose, but the kinetic energy that results in zero? Setting Kmax equal to zero for this cutoff frequency (ÃŽ ½c), we get: ÃŽ ½c φ / h or the cutoff wavelength: ÃŽ »c hc / φ After Einstein Most significantly, the photoelectric effect, and the photon theory it inspired, crushed the classical wave theory of light. Though no one could deny that light behaved as a wave, after Einsteins first paper, it was undeniable that it was also a particle.

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons â€Å"Comma v.  Semicolon? Aaargh!! I’ll just pick one†¦ I figure I have a 50% chance of getting it right.† Does this sound like you? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Let’s raise your average with these writing tips. Did you know you can HEAR the difference? The first thing I like to talk about with commas vs. semicolons is the sound of them. Commas are a pause with an invitation to continue, whereas semicolons are a full stop. You will be able to hear the difference. Read the following sentences aloud, paying attention to the *sound* of the punctuation: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths; the daughter and younger sister of doctors, I excelled in math and science and dreaded every English course I was ever forced to take. [CORRECT] I took a wide variety of classes, from psychology and sociology to business and criminal justice, hoping to find something, whether it were a class or a specific topic, that captivated my interest. [CORRECT] Addison’s Disease is a chronic adrenal insufficiency that leads to liver failure, kidney failure, effusions, and in some cases, death; I was determined that it would not kill my brother. Can you hear how your inflection goes up with each comma, and down with each semicolon? The upward inflection of the comma makes us think there is something more coming. The sound of a semicolon, on the other hand, is often the same sound that comes along with a period. It is more final. If you didn’t get that the first time around, go ahead and read the sentences above again, until you hear it. Why is it useful to know how a punctuation mark sounds? It allows you to read your sentence aloud and to determine whether you’ve chosen correctly. If you have a semicolon in your sentence but the inflection sounds right going up, you know to switch it to a comma. And vice versa. Also, on a more basic level, if you find yourself pausing and inflecting upward and yet you have no comma there at all, add one! Here’s an example: [INCORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities throughout my career. See how you want to pause and inflect upward after â€Å"capabilities† because of the comma after â€Å"myself†? Add a comma! [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself, and my capabilities, throughout my career. Or just delete the comma after â€Å"myself† and the inflection changes: [CORRECT] I have learned a lot about myself and my capabilities throughout my career. One more example: [INCORRECT] Although, I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. Why put a comma after â€Å"Although† when you would not pause here when speaking? [CORRECT] Although I had many successful closings, there were always a few that were unsuccessful. I hope this lesson listening for commas v. semicolons was helpful. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinOctober 24, 2010 8 Comments The Essay Expert says: October 26, 2010 at 8:59 am Thanks for the comment Jackie. Now listen for whether you want a full stop or a pause between Good Stuff and I often struggle. Could these be two sentences standing on their own? If so look at using a semi-colon! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: October 26, 2010 at 11:42 am Ill work on that Beth! Log in to Reply Eric Nilsson says: June 27, 2012 at 11:40 am Dear Essay Expert, I dont quite agree with the comment that a semi-colon represents a full stop; I see it rather as a long pause. A full stop is a period and, when you think about it, a semi-colon is a combination of a pause and a stop (period on top and comma on bottom). Perhaps, because I love commas, I could be considered a Comma-adore (pronounce the a sound only once). Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: June 27, 2012 at 11:47 am Thanks for your comment Eric. In my mind, the semi-colon, when used to separate what could be two full sentences, is closer to a full stop than to a pause; in a list of long items, the semi-colon inserts a long pause. My opinion: When used to separate two potentially distinct sentences, the semi-colon serves to connect two thoughts so related to each other that a period would serve as too wide of a separation. Log in to Reply Xelor says: March 20, 2019 at 6:05 am Dear Ms. Bernstein, Kudos and thanks for sharing your inflection-based pedagogy for comma and semicolon use. I found myself tutoring a teen for whom the sentence-structure approach learning rules about and how to recognize independent and subordinate clauses, appositives, parenthetical remarks, and coordinating conjunctions was as recondite as quantum mechanics. Moreover, I know well enough how to punctuate and had helped my own kids (all grown now) master a smattering of grammars nuances, I was anxious over the prospect of having to help a child who hadnt fully grasped the basics; thus I Googled for guidance. Using the search term inflective comma, I noticed your site among Googles first few results. It is just what the doctor ordered. I delivered an overview of what commas and semicolons do, telling my charge that if what precedes and follows the punctuation mark he inserted can stand alone as a complete sentence, use a semicolon; otherwise, use a comma. Imperfect guidance, yes, but given where the boy was, it seemed as fitting as any place to start. Next, I had him read this webpage, whereafter I clarified bits about which he inquired. Lastly, after telling him its called punctuation because its the written indicator of changes in a speakers voice, I suggested he simply speak his sentences in his head and listen for the pauses, variances in tone and emphasis, and so on, and simply toss in a comma where his inflection changes. What a difference! The young man, in mere minutes, went from period-only punctuation to near perfect. He was a little comma happy, but, hey, he used them, and, in turn, his voice came through, which, most importantly, means readers can unequivocally discern his meaning. The boys bright, his thoughts coherent, and on the strength of that, hes been a B-student; however, his poor punctuation has kept him from being an A-student. Hes got a graded writing assignment due Friday, so well see what happens and go from there. With any luck, hell soon be ready for em dashes, hyphens and ellipses. Whoo hoo! So, on his behalf and mine, thank you for maintaining this website. It was an inspirational godsend for me and a palpable aid for the young man Im tutoring. As didactic Internet content goes, one cant ask for more. Cheers, Xelor P.S. I dont know how the boy, whos a tenth grader, became a poor punctuator; maybe he skipped class on those days. Who knows? Its obvious, however, that between about the seventh and tenth grades, none of his teachers have acted to correct what is clearly but a mechanical issue, one that, given the boys manifested acumen and critical thinking skill, could long ago have been corrected. Perhaps they felt his earning Bs was good enough to obviate their bothering to intervene? In any case, their omission thus has unquestionably resulted in the boys grades and GPA being lower than he deserves. Who knows what impact that may have on his college prospects? Whatever affect it has, it likely wont be positive, and thats a doggone shame. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: March 20, 2019 at 6:21 am Thanks so much for sharing this story, Xelor! As a blogger, I never know what impact my writing will have, and I’m so thrilled I helped in this way. Your message was very well punctuated btw! Watch out for affect/effect 😉. Log in to Reply Xelor says: March 20, 2019 at 7:28 am Youre welcome. Im glad, then, that I bothered to share a little anecdote affirming for you that your contribution to the Internet has positively affected at least two people. The affect error is my bad; I didnt carefully proofread my remarks, behavior, or lack thereof, really, thats typical of my postings on the Internet. Failing to proofread results occasionally in my publicly making errors I know better than to make. The affect/effect error is an unusual one for me insofar as Im an old school dude who thinks impact is only a noun and effect is both a noun and verb. FWIW, affect/effect sentence began as I dont know how thatll affect his college acceptance outcomes, but in revising it, I left affect, but I cant say why. Worse, in my mind is the omission of a coordinating conjunction yet would have done nicely in the sentence that begins with moreover. Oh, wellwe all make mistakes, but hopefully not too many. LOL God bless and all the best, Xelor Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: March 20, 2019 at 8:25 am Hi Xelor, I figured there was an explainable oversight here. I am all-too-familiar with errors that come from editing. And I definitely observed that your grammar is meticulous! By the way, I try to keep impact as a noun as well. Log in to Reply

Intelligence with Educational Teaching Research Paper

Intelligence with Educational Teaching - Research Paper Example Verbal-linguistic intelligence is ability to use language as a way to express oneself and appreciate as well as apply complex meanings. The visual-spatial intelligence has to do with mental imagery, artistic skills, spatial reasoning as well as having an active imagination and manipulation skills. Next is interpersonal intelligence which has to do which ability to understand and effectively communicate with others being mindful of their moods and temperaments. This is close to intrapersonal intelligence which is a deep understanding of oneself and the ability to be self-reflective on emotions and strengths and weaknesses. Lastly is existential intelligence which is ability to tackle issues of human existence such as life and death issues as well as spiritual existence (Chen, Moran and Howard 10). Recognition of these intelligences can enable the teachers build on the strengths of each student’s abilities and make them excel in them (Wadhwa 51). The recognition also allows better interaction and grouping of students in class in order to ensure they exploit, explore and benefit from each other’s skills and abilities based on the types of intelligence each student possesses. Recognition of these intelligences in students and building on them is the best way to eliminate the learning frustrations students have as they can focus completely on what they are good at and the rest can be assisted by other students. Neglect of the type of intelligence a student possesses is the gateway to not only frustrated students with education but to leaving school as well and encouraging criminal behaviour in the society. When a student does not know that they have skills or ability in one form of the mentioned intelligence or the other, they consider themselves of no value and think they cannot benefit through education and hence find no need to not only study but become a respectable individual in society (Tough 36). This can

Credit Assessment and Consulting in Rating Agencies Research Paper

Credit Assessment and Consulting in Rating Agencies - Research Paper Example nsulting services whereby debt issuers request rating agencies to direct them on the manner to structure their debt issues with the aim of securing a favorable rating (Crockett, Harris, Mishkin & White, 2004). In such circumstances, the credit-rating agencies are in effect auditing their own work. Moreover, credit-rating agencies may deliver favorable ratings so as acquire extra clients for the ancillary consulting business. Much of the challenges associated with Credit Assessment and Consulting in Rating Agencies relate to the reliability and integrity of ratings. Investors utilize credit ratings that mirror the probability of default to ascertain the creditworthiness of certain debt securities (Langohr & Langohr, 2008). Conflict of interest can yield a decrease in the flow of reliable information centering on either concealment of the information, or dissemination of misleading information (Brooks & Dunn, 2010). This has dire consequences on the value of stakeholder’s benefits. The markets can in some instances ameliorate the impacts of conflicts of interest within financial services firms and cannot always contain the incentives to exploit conflicts of interest. Some of the approaches to remedying conflict of interest encompass: â€Å"leaving it to the market† or letting market forces resolve the conflict by penalizing financial firms that exploit conflict of interest and instituting new institutional means to contain conflict of interest (Brooks & Dunn, 2010). The other approaches encompass regulating for transparency through mandatory disclosure and supervisory oversight. Additional approaches towards remedying conflicts of interest within credit rating agencies encompass separation of functions and socialization of information production. In conclusion, there is a need to enhance accountability of Credit Rating Agencies so as to negate the pitfalls associated with conflict of interest (Werther & Chandler, 2006). Reputation remains one of the key

Importance of Chemical Bonding | Essay

Importance of Chemical Bonding | Essay George Brown Chemical bonds are either ionic or covalent. When a metal is present the bond is ionic as an electron is given from the metal to the non-metal, so the two ions are attracted to each other. When a bond is between two non-metal’s then it is covalent meaning that in the outer electron shells of the two atoms bonded electrons share electron to complete their outer electron shell. When two atoms bonded together are not the same, the electrons will not be shared equally as each atom will be positively or negatively charged in relation to each other. This value is measured as the difference of the electronegativity of each atom present. The electronegativity of an atom is the potential for the atom to attract shared electrons towards itself. The difference in electronegativity between ionic bonds is greater than that of polar covalent bonds and greater still of non-polar covalent bond. An example of a non-polar covalent bond is H-I as the difference in electronegativity isn’t very high. An example of a polar covalent bond is H-Cl as the difference in electronegativity is higher than 0.5 and lower than 1.7 and an example of an ionic bond would be Na-Cl as the difference in electronegativity is above 1.7. In figure 1 it can be observed how the electrons are shared in ionic and covalent bonds. This explains the high difference in the resultant electronegativity between ionic and covalent bonds. Metal, as an ion, donates an electron making it positively charged and a non-metal, as an ion, gains an electron making it more negatively charged meaning the attraction between ionic bonds is greater than that of covalent bonds. Ionic bonded substances are more polar than covalent bonded substances thus a better solvent. NaCl has a much high boiling point (around 1413 °c) than for example HCl (around -85c) Sodium Chloride, better known as table salt, is an example of an Ionic bonded substance due to the high difference in electronegativity. Sodium and chlorine as elements are very reactive and thus poisonous to the human body in large quantities if uncontrolled. So the fact that sodium and chloride are ionically bonded helps to control the concentration of sodium and chlorine in the body as it can only be broken down when it needs to be in the liver. Sodium and chlorine is needed In low concentrations for key cell functions in nerve cells for maintaining the â€Å"resting potential of nerve axon cells which is -70 mV† (Hall et al., 2009) maintained by the â€Å"sodium potassium pump†. It is required for the nerve cells in the human body to function. It’s the reason for why you can feel or can react to stimuli. A molecule is always non polar, where the bonds between atoms in the molecule are non-polar an example of this would be H-I. Water is an example of a polar covalent bond as it consists of polar covalent bonds H-O and the molecule is asymmetrical. This means that water is a good solvent allowing it to transport sugars and salts around the body, in blood, as they can be easily dissolved in an aqueous solvent such as water. In figure 2 you can see the relative charge of the molecule in water. CCl4 is example of a molecule of which its atoms are polar bonded together but due to the symmetry of the molecule observed in figure 2 the polarity of the molecules cancels itself out, and it acts as if it’s non-polar in intermolecular interactions The strength between intermolecular bonds is a lot weaker than the strength of intramolecular bonds and the weakest form of intermolecular bond is a bond that uses Van der Waals forces or an instantaneous induced-dipole bond. These are observed when a nearby non-polar molecules experiencing an instantaneous dipole, due to the random nature of electron clouds oscillating on molecules, which induces a dipole of another molecule, it may cause a ripple effect inducing dipoles on nearby non-polar molecules. Larger molecules have a larger electron cloud which means the induced and potential electronegativity of instantaneous dipoles would be stronger. Van der Waals forces is the attraction that occurs between all molecules polar or non-polar, but is the only source of intermolecular attraction between non-polar molecules. Lower boiling points will be observed of substances of similar elements that are polar, dipole-dipole bonds or even stronger hydrogen(dipole-dipole) bonds, than that of n on-polar Van der Waals force bonds, as they are much stronger so it requires more energy(heat) to break them. Figure 3 is an example of an induced dipole bond from an instantaneous dipole. Hydrogen bonding (an example of a strong dipole-dipole bond) is another example of an intermolecular. Standard hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular bond where a hydrogen from one molecule is attached to one of the most electronegative elements; oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine of another molecule. Figure 4 shows a diagram of a hydrogen bond between two water molecules. These bonds help to keep the water molecules together so it requires more energy for the substance to change state from liquid into a gas. It also means when water is a solid (ice) it is less dense than when it is a liquid, which is unusual as usually substances tend to expand when they heat up. Heat is a measure of kinetic energy of a substance, so when substances, molecules or atoms, has more kinetic energy it is more fluid, less packed together (less dense). You can see in figure 4 that each oxygen atom is bonded from a combination of hydrogen (intermolecular) and covalent (intramolecular) bonds to 4 oxygen atoms. Ther e is a lot of free space around these atoms when they are structurally bonded this way, so this is why ice is less dense than water. The structural function of ice is important for all seasonal marine life and some land organisms as it allows ice to float. An example of a more complex intermolecular bond is ionic hydrogen bonding. Potential uses is discussed in the article BIOPHYISCAL (Kaledhonkar et al., 2013). The article states â€Å"Standard hydrogen bonds are of great importance for protein structure and function† but â€Å"Ionic hydrogen bonds often are significantly stronger than standard hydrogen bonds and exhibit unique properties† which allows them to be used in protein folding (polypeptides), modification in the golgi apparatus, enzyme active transport centres and the formation of membranes, processes that are all critical for life. Ionic hydrogen bonding is explained further in an article in chem. rev. (Meot-Ner (Mautner), 2005). The article states that â€Å"ionic hydrogen bonds (IHBs) that form between ions and molecules with bonds strengths of 5-35 kcal/mol, up to a third of the strength of covalent bonds†. Ionic hydrogen bonds are believed to be the strongest intermolecular bond but still only up to a third the strength of a covalent bond. So even the strongest intermolecular bonds are weaker than intramolecular bonds. [Word Count: 1058] References bbc.co.uk, (2014).BBC Higher Bitesize Chemistry Bonding, structures and properties : Revision, Page2. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/chemistry/energy/bsp/revision/2/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2014]. Chemprofessor.com, (2014).Intermolecular Attractions or van der Waals Forces. [online] Available at: http://www.chemprofessor.com/imf.htm [Accessed 2 Dec. 2014]. Hall, A., Hickman, G., Howarth, S., Middlewick, S., Owens, N., Reiss, M., Scott, A. and Wilberforce, N. (2009).Salter-Nuffield Advanced Biology A2 Student Book. London: Edexcel Pearson, p.201. Kaledhonkar, S., Hara, M., Stalcup, T., Xie, A. and Hoff, W. (2013). Strong Ionic Hydrogen Bonding Causes a Spectral Isotope Effect in Photoactive Yellow Protein.Biophysical Journal, 105(11), pp.2577-2585. Meot-Ner (Mautner), M. (2005). The Ionic Hydrogen Bond.Chem. Rev., 105(1), pp.213-284. Physicsofmatter.com, (1998).Hydrogen Bond Disorder in Ice Structures. [online] Available at: http://www.physicsofmatter.com/NotTheBook/Talks/Ice/Ice.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2014]. Page 1 of 7 Soil Water Contamination: Wheal Jane Incident Soil Water Contamination: Wheal Jane Incident The Wheal Jane incident was a significant mine water discharge event. The incident occurred in 1992, shortly after the mine closure. This report provides a brief description of the mine, the incident itself and the resulting aftermath. Wheal Jane Mine is located near the village of Chacewater, in Cornwall. The mine itself was formed in 1861, after the merging of five smaller mines. The oldest mine workings from the area were thought to date back as far as the 1740s (Cornwall Calling, 2017). The mine had worked many mineral lodes over its lifetime, producing tin, copper, and silver-lead (Cornwall in Focus, 2017). In the years leading up to its closure, the mine was primarily extracting cassiterite, the main source ore of tin, but older workings also produced pyrite and arsenopyrite, with the modern development drives taking the mine to 450 meters below surface level (University of Exeter, 2002). The mines of the Gwennap parish were all interconnected, with Wheal Jane connected to the neighbouring, working mine Mount Wellington, and to the abandoned workings of United Mines. Wheal Jane was an extremely wet mine, requiring dewatering measures in the region of 60,000 m ³ day-1 in the winter months. The pumped water was highly acidic, owing to the dissolved metals from the sulphide mineral deposits. Approximately half of pumped water was treated before being discharged into the Carnon river (Bowen, Dussek, Hamilton, 1998). Wheal Jane Mine had been working, on and off, from this time until its eventual closure in 1991 due to financial difficulties, primarily relating to the low price of tin, following the International Tin Agreement in 1985. Much of the mines infrastructure and equipment was sold off at the time of its closure, with the mines operational dewatering systems being turned off after a government grant subsidising the pumping costs was withdrawn (University of Exeter, 2002). After the mine closure, and the cessation of the government grant, the operational dewatering pumps were switched off, leaving only the tailings dam pumps remaining. With the dewatering measures stopped, the water level rose and filled the expansive voids underground, with the sulphide mineral bearing rock now being leached by the rising ground water. The NRA (National Rivers Authority, now part of the Environment Agency) was concerned of the potential of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) into the Carnon river and commissioned a survey to determine the potential impact of a mine water discharge, and its likely discharge points and timing. The investigation proved difficult to predict due to the unknown volume of connected, un-surveyed mine workings which would also need to fill before release (Bowen, Dussek, Hamilton, 1998). The NRA continued to monitor the water levels and water quality throughout the year. On November 17th 1991 the mine water levels reached 14.5 m AOD, and a mine water discharge event occurred through Janes adit. The water treatment lagoon onsite was quickly overwhelmed by a flow of approximately 5,000 m ³ per day of AMD at a pH of 2.8 (Bowen, Dussek, Hamilton, 1998). The NRA had contingency plans in place and immediately reacted by adding lime at the head of the adit to raise the pH and precipitate the metals from the mine water. A plug was constructed near the portal of Janes adit and the water pumped out into the tailings dam (University of Exeter, 2002). On January 4th 1992 a technical issue meant that the pumps to the tailings dam were stopped. The mine water levels quickly rose by an estimated 4 meters. The mine water built up and, on January 13th 1992, discharged through the Nangiles adit, which was the second lowest known discharge location after Janes adit. This released an estimated 50,000 m ³ of AMD (pH of 3.1) into the Carnon river over a period of 24 hours, flowing through the Restonguet Creek, Carrick Roads and into the Fal estuary (Bowen, Dussek, Hamilton, 1998). The contaminated water created a highly visual pollution event, as oxidation caused the iron rich water to turn a yellow-brown ochre colour, drawing worldwide media attention and causing much alarm to the community ( CL:AIRE, 2004). The mine water also contained considerable concentrations of heavy metals, most significantly being the presence of over 600 parts per billion Cadmium (University of Exeter, 2002). Following the discharge, new pumps were installed by the owners to pump water from the adit directly into the tailings dam as a short-term solution. Monitoring after the incident proved that the effects of the mine water discharge proved to be short-term only, with the NRA stating that There appears to have been no major adverse effects from the incident on the biota of the estuary. (National Rivers Authority, 1995). However, it was clear after the event that the mine water could not be left unchecked, and thus a water treatment solution was proposed. The NRA proposed both an active and passive treatment system. In 1994 a pilot passive treatment plant (PPTP) was constructed, as a research method for potential long-term treatment options. An active treatment plant was constructed in 2000. The PPTP contains three different treatment streams, all containing aerobic reed beds for removal of Iron and Arsenic, an anaerobic cell for removal of zinc, copper, cadmium and iron by bacterial reduction, and an aerobic rock filter which removes manganese through growth of algae (University of Exeter, 2002). The three streams differ however in the pre-treatment. One stream is first treated with lime to raise the pH, the second is first passed through an anoxic limestone drain, and the third stream involves no pre-treatment at all ( CL:AIRE, 2004). A report into the performance of the PPTP found that it offered inconsistent performance, and water discharge commonly exceeded the permitted water quality guidelines. The PPTP was also only processing 0.6 l/s of contaminated water, The active treatment plant took over from the PPTP in 2000. The process involves the addition of lime to increase the pH, and flocculant to precipitate out the metals in solution. The metal precipitates form a sludge, which is sent to a hold tank, and onto the tailings dam. The treated mine water is discharged out into the Carnon river. This system treats an average of 200 l/s, at a metal removal efficiency of 99.2% ( CL:AIRE, 2004). Whilst there have not been any significant long-term environmental impacts from the incident, it serves as a stark reminder of the potential environmental disaster that can come from mining activities, particularly from historical mines which were not subject to the same environmental regulations that are in place today. References CL:AIRE. (2004). Mine Water Treatment at Wheal Jane Tin Mine, Cornwall. CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments), 1-4. BBC. (2014, June 3). Pumping the polluted water from mines. Retrieved from BBC News: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-26573994 Bowen, G. G., Dussek, C., Hamilton, R. (1998). Pollution resulting from the abandonment and subsequent flooding of Wheal Jane Mine in Cornwall, UK. London: Geological Society. Cornwall Calling. (2017). Retrieved from Cornwall Calling: http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/mines/carnon-valley/wheal-jane.htm Cornwall in Focus. (2017). Cornwall in Focus. Retrieved from http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/mining/whealjane.php National Rivers Authority. (1995). Wheal Jane Mine Water Study. Ashford: Knight Pià ©sold. Retrieved from Environment Data: http://www.environmentdata.org/fedora/repository/ealit:2627/OBJ/20000033.pdf University of Exeter. (2002). The Wheal Jane Incident and water quality. Retrieved from Projects University of Exeter: https://projects.exeter.ac.uk/geomincentre/estuary/Main/jane.htm

Essay on “Anti-smacking bill” Essay

In this essay, I am going to discuss, identify and outline my selected social policy; I will also explain why I selected this social policy and why it is a social policy; I will Identify and describe the interest groups who helped define this problem and have set the agenda; the objectives of this social policy will be outlined and explained, arguments of the interest groups will be linked to their political ideology or ideologies. I have chosen the â€Å"Anti-smacking Bill† because I believe that physical punishment can be ineffective and can have harmful long-term effects on children, especially if it’s severe. It is appears clear to me that there are many other ways of disciplining children that are less harmful. Also, I believe that prosecuting parents will not necessarily lead to a decrease in child abuse. Like many other New Zealanders however, I have been a little confused by much of the argument around which is the best way to protect the interests of the children of our country. I am also interested in how this policy affected so many groups of people that defined the policy in different ways. This bill was very controversial from the start. Politicians and focus groups have been up and arms about this bill. In 2001, The Labour-led government began considering amending the smacking law at the request of United Nations, but decided not to repeal Section 59 of the Crimes Act, which says parents can use disciplinary force against their children if it’s reasonable. In 2001, the National party called for the law to give parents the right to use reasonable force to discipline their children. In 2003, Prime Minister Helen Clark called for smacking of children to be outlawed after UN Committee on the Rights for the Child said that New Zealand was the only country that had legislation that allowed parents to use reasonable force when it came to disciplining children. In July 2005, the Anti-smacking Bill, sponsored by Sue Bradford, passed its first hurdle in parliament with MPs voting to send it to select committee. The bill was processed by other MPs and NZ Law society. There were concerns that this bill would turn good parents into criminals. There were also apprehensions on the lack of clear guidance about what is acceptable when disciplining a child. There were lots of groups that were lobbying against this bill but in February 2007, the Anti-smacking bill got through its second reading. MPs voted 70 to 51 in  favour of the bill. Aside from all the controversy the bill was passed on May 16, 2007. This bill repeals section 59 of the Crimes Act. (One news, 2009) The Anti-smacking bill was implemented by the government on May 16, 2007 after the bill got through its second reading in February 2007. (One news, 2009) The Anti-Smacking law provides a safe and secure environment for both children and adults and ensures positive outcomes as children grow up. The law makes it clear that physical discipline is not a necessary or acceptable part of parenting because it undermines a child’s feelings of safety and security. In addition, the law helps to ensure that a child’s right to a fair deal in the courts is respected. (Robinson, 2010) The law is designed to teach children that physical discipline is not the answer. Violence leads to fear and distrust of adults and often does not help children understand what behavior is expected of them. (Robinson, 2010) Police have the discretion not to prosecute complaints made against a parent of a child or guardian where the offence is considered to be so minor that there is no public interest in proceeding with a prosecution. (Robinson, 2010) The Anti-Smacking Bill is a social policy because this bill has affected all New Zealanders in different ways. This policy affected our society and our welfare in so many ways. Not all New Zealander’s believed that parents would accept being controlled by the government in this way or would answer to the police when disciplining their children. The country was truly divided on whether or not this policy would prove to be advantageous and beneficial for the parents and the children at all. In the early 2000s Family First was one of a number of conservative groups that opposed proposed legislation restricting the use of corporal punishment on children – the so-called ‘anti-smacking’ bill. Family First declared the measure would undermine parental authority and campaigned to stop it being passed. This included a protest march along Wellington’s Lambton Quay in March 2007. The bill became law later that year. (Miller, 2007) In fact, the Family First NZ says that the latest review of the anti-smacking law shows that the law is a complete waste of time as it fails to catch actual child abuse, wastes police resources and time, and targets non-abusive parents. (McCroskie, 2009) Mr Bob McCroskie stated the following: â€Å"While the country struggles with the problem of the P-drug, violent crime including armed hold-ups, and boy racing which is killing our young people, the police are having to waste time running around investigating parents who use a smack,† says Bob McCoskrie, National Director of Family First NZ. (McCroskrie, 2009) He continued on saying that the prosecution rate for ‘smacking’ and ‘minor acts of physical discipline’ is as low as 5-8% and even ‘other child assaults’ have up to 20% of them only warranting a warning. This report, as with previous reports, continues to confirm that non-abusive parents are being investigated – which we always feared.† (McCroskie, 2009) He also added that the results of this bill will be trumpeted by the supporters of the law change for doing nothing. (McCroskie, 2009) He also pointed that If the politicians introduced a law targeting boy racers that involved a significant number of investigations but less than 10% was actually catching offenders, it would be quite obvious that the law was dysfunctional. The anti-smacking law is ideologically flawed and a complete and utter waste of time. (McCroskie, 2009) According to ‘Family First – Mr. McCroskie, â€Å"the horror of child abuse deaths has continued since the law change†. Mr McCroskie added that Sue Bradford’s comment was quite correct when she said ‘The epidemic of child abuse and child violence in this country continues – sadly. The bill was never intended to solve that problem.’ (McCroskie, 2009) â€Å"You know a law is completely ineffectual when the proponents applaud it because of its lack of impact and the problem and rate of child abuse remains,† says Mr McCoskrie. (McCroskie, 2009) There are reports that families are calling on the National government to amend the law so that non-abusive smacking is not a crime, and good parents are not victims of a law which should be targeted more effectively at child  abusers. The New Zealand people are crying out for laws that actually target abusers and protect abused. (McCroskie, 2009) A poll of New Zealanders has found that 3 out 4 voters want the anti-smacking law to be amended, and the support was strongest from National, NZ First and Maori party voters. (Anti-smacking pool, 2013) In the poll of 1,000 people undertaken by Curia Market Research, respondents were asked â€Å"Do you think the anti-smacking law should be changed to state explicitly that parents who give their children a smack that is reasonable and for the purpose of correction are not breaking the law? 77% of respondents back a law change to allow correctional smacking. 86% of National voters supported a change in the law. Only 12% of respondents thought the law change had had any effect on the rate of child abuse, with Green voters surprisingly being most skeptical. (Anti-smacking pools, 2013) According to Craig and Barbara Smith, â€Å"Polling in 2009 and 2010 showed that parents were confused by the effect of the law because they have been given conflicting messages by the promoters of the law, legal opinions have contradicted each other, and on top of that there is ‘police discretion’ but not CYF discretion to investigate. And police guidelines state that ‘a prosecution may be warranted if such actions are repetitive or frequent’.† (Smith, 2008) In 2009 the New Zealand public was asked to vote on a referendum regarding the question â€Å"Should a smack as a part of parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?† Despite an over whelming vote to the contrary the National Government chose not to make any adjustment to the Anti-smacking Law. The purpose of this law is essentially to make better provision for children so that they can live in a safe and secure environment that is free from violence. The Anti-smacking Law pursues to achieve this by removing the use of parental force for the purpose of correction. The law makes it clear that physical discipline is not necessary or acceptable part of parenting because it undermines a child’s feelings of safety and security. (McCroskie, 2009) The Anti-smacking rules are: Use of force correction is strictly forbidden; the law states that adults who hit children hard enough will be prosecuted. Adults caring for children can still use ‘force’ (by methods of holding or restraining) to keep children safe – for example adults can stop a child from running out onto the street, touching a hot stove, hurting themselves or other children and they can carry a protesting child out of a supermarket. (Robinson, 2009) The Anti-smacking Bill has brought up controversy from the time the bill was passed to the present. According to the latest (17 June 2013) â€Å"Media Release†. The Family First said that since the anti-smacking law was passed in a supposed effort to lower our child abuse rates, it has been confirmed as a spectacular failure based on flawed ideology. (Independent news media, 2013) The Family First NZ are also refuting and contesting a statement that was made by Prime Minister John Key that the increased numbers of child abuse simply reflect an increase in reporting. (McCroskie, 2009) Mr Bob McCroskie has stated that â€Å"The rates of child abuse deaths have stayed at the same rate as they were before the law was passed. That certainly has nothing to do with ‘increased reporting’. He further stated that the politicians who supported this bill should front up and admit that the anti-smacking law has been a huge flop which has targeted good parents, rather than the rotten parents who are abusing their children, and has wasted time of the police and CYF.† (Independent news media, 2013) According to a recent survey that was made Family First, out of 1,000 New Zealander’s, they found that only 12% of respondents think the law change has had any effect on the rate of child abuse. The survey also found that three out of four people back a law change to allow â€Å"correctional† smacking of children. (Independent news media, 2013) It is my conclusion that the Anti-smacking Bill has brought up issues that have created misunderstanding and confusion for the New Zealand people. Personally, I am comfortable that children are now afforded the protection of the law, as opposed to the discrepancies of the previous legislation. I do still however believe that parents should have the right to choose how they discipline their own children. I believe that such disciple can and should include the use of a light smack where appropriate. The discretionary role of the Police in enforcing the new legislation comes at no small cost in Police and Court  resources. However, in the absence of any better alternative this would appear a cost we should all bear. No child should be ruled by fear, or live in fear. Unfortunately, as much as the Anti-smacking Bill is serving a positive purpose it would appear that it has failed to address or reduce the more extreme cases of child abuse that continue to be as a blight on our society. This issue was the root of much the emotion in the debate around this policy. To my dismay the issue remains unresolved. VA:F [1.9.17_1161] References: Abrahams (2009) Anti-smacking thoughts. Retrieved from http://www.abrahams.co.nz/antismacking/ Family First Press release (2013). Smacking law as spectacular failure. Retrieved from http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1306/S00202/smacking-law-confirmed-as-spectacular-failure.htm Farrar, D. (2009) Anti-smacking proposed. Retrieved from http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2009/03/anti-smacking_amendment_proposed.html McCroskie, B. (2009) Sue Bradsford Anti Smacking. Smacking law complete and utter waste of time. Retrieved from https://www.familyfirst.org.nz/research/anti-smacking-polls/ . Manukau City Miller, R. (2012). ‘Interest groups – Cause interest group’,Te Ara – the encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12.Retrieved from URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/34982/family-first-protest One news (August 21, 2009) (Copyright 2013) Timeline: Anti-smacking bill. Retrieved from http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/timeline-anti-smacking-legislation-2936192 Anti-Smacking Polls, (2013). National Voters Want Smacking Law Change – Poll. Retrieved from https://www.familyfirst.org.nz/research/anti-smacking-polls/ Robinson, K. (2009) How to understand the New Zealand Anti-smacking law. What is the law? Retrieved from http://howto.yellow.co.nz/legal/consumer-law/how-to-understand-the-new-zealan d-anti-smacking-law/ Smith, C. & B. (2008). Family Integrity. Retrieved from http://familyintegrity.org.nz Robinson, K. (2009) How to understand the New Zealand Anti-smacking law. What is the law? Retrieved from http://howto.yellow.co.nz/legal/consumer-law/how-to-understand-the-new-zealand-anti-smacking-law/ One news (August 21, 2009) (Copyright 2013) Timeline: Anti-smacking bill. Retrieved from http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/timeline-anti-smacking-legislation-2936192

Globalization- the Leadership Challenge - 2500 Words

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The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay - 2185 Words

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